The implementation of the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) continues to be uneven across the European Union, despite the objectives set for rail transport interoperability and digitization, according to UNIFE’s 2025 Annual Report.
Although ERTMS is considered a key element in creating an integrated European rail network, the reality on the ground shows significant differences between Member States in terms of the pace and manner of implementation.
Interoperability on paper, differences in practice
According to the industry, the lack of a coordinated approach at European level has led to fragmented national implementations, with different technical solutions and unaligned timetables. This affects cross-border interoperability and generates additional costs for operators and suppliers of rolling stock and equipment.
UNIFE stresses that without a real acceleration of ERTMS implementation and consistently applied standards, the promised benefits – increased capacity, safety, and efficiency – will remain limited.
FRMCS and the future of rail communications
The report also refers to FRMCS, the future rail communications system that will replace GSM-R. The industry warns that the transition to FRMCS must be carefully managed to avoid a new period of technological fragmentation similar to that encountered in the early stages of ERTMS.
Coordination between Member States, authorities, and industry is considered essential to ensure compatibility and limit transition costs.
Digitalization, between opportunity and risk
ERTMS is closely linked to the broader digitalization of the railway system, including the use of advanced solutions for traffic management and maintenance.
However, UNIFE points out that the introduction of new technologies must be accompanied by a clear regulatory framework and common standards in order to prevent the emergence of incompatible “technology islands.”
A call for European coordination
In conclusion, the European railway industry is calling for a stronger commitment from the European institutions and Member States to speed up the implementation of ERTMS, align national strategies, and secure the necessary funding. Without these measures, the goal of a truly interoperable European railway network risks remaining, once again, just a pipe dream.
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